Biyernes, Enero 31, 2014

Breeding and Culture of Carps and Koi Carps



INTRODUCTION;

Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is the oldest and one of the most widely cultured freshwater fishes in Asia and Europe because of its hardines, ease to spawn in captivity and tolerance to a wide range of temperature. In the Philippines, it was introduced in 1915 by Alvin Seale from Hongkong and was first stocked in Lake Lanao in Mindanao. Successful introduction were later undertaken to various swamplands and inland waters in the country where it has since formed a distinct fishery particularly in Laguna Lake, Candaba swamp, Cagayan river basin and in the lakes of Camarines Sur and Mindanao.

The Japanese carp “Nishigikoi” is a colorful variety of the common carp . It is regarded as the king of garden fish and its popularity in the aquarium fish trade is basically attributed to its graceful swimming and colorful pattern.
 

Biology:

Morphological Characteristic

¨ Big Belly

¨ Long, blunt , smooth and protruding terminal mouth

¨ Two (2) pairs of barbels on the upper and lower jaw

¨ The color of the body is dark gray to greenish brown on the dorsal side and yellowish white in the abdominal region

Natural Food of Common carp

Common carp is an omnivorous feeder. It feeds mainly on benthic organisms like snails, clams, cladocerans, copepods, chironomid larvae, shrimps, insect larvae; detritus and decaying organic matter  
Feed preferences at various stages

¨ Larval Stage (Rotifers, Copepods, Chironomid & Cladocerans)

¨ Size 50 mm & above (Benthic organisms, algae & worms)

Breeding of Common Carp in Earthen Pond

Site Selection

Suitable site should have:

¨ Sufficient good quality water

¨ Capacity of soil to hold water

¨ Availability of power, labor and farm inputs

¨ Accessibility

Construction of Hatchery/Nursery Pond

Recommended area:

¨ Hatchery ponds 40-50 square meter excavated to a depth of 1 meter

¨ Nursery ponds 100-200 square meter excavated to a depth of 1

meter

¨ Install water inlet and outlet in both hatchery and nursery ponds using

PVC pipes

Hatchery pond preparation

¨ Install bamboo post inside the hatchery pond at a distance of 20 cm. Submerged under the water.

¨ Make a lengthwise bamboo to be attached to the bamboo post.

¨ Place egg collectors over the lengthwise bamboo and tie it firmly.

Fabrication of Egg Collector

¨ For egg collector black palm or arenga fibers are preferred

¨ Prepared two (2) pcs. of bamboo or wood measuring 1 m. in length

¨ Arrange the fibers between two (2) pcs. bamboo or wood and nail them together.

Pond Preparation

¨ Catch and collect all previous fish stocks

¨ Drain the pond

¨ Eradicate all predators and competitors

¨ Apply chicken manure or other organic fertilizer at the rate of 1 kg./10 sq. m.

¨ Agricultural lime can also be applied at the rate of 1kg./50 sq. m.

¨ Take in water into the nursery pond at the depth of 100 cm. The growth of natural food can be observed after 7 days.

¨ Greenish water indicates abundance in phytoplankton while brownish water indicate abundance of zooplankton

Spawning

¨ Collect gravid breeders and place in hatchery pond at the ratio of 1 female: 2 males


Characteristic of Mature Male and Female Carp and “Koi” Carp

FEMALE

¨ Rounded, soft bulging abdomen

¨ Obscured ventral ridge

¨ Vent projecting into a small papilla-like outgrowth

¨ Brownish eggs ooze out when gently pressed in the abdomen


MALE
 
¨ Deep- pit-like vent

¨ Slender body

¨ Exude milt when gently pressed in the abdomen
 
¨ Once the breeder are set, beat the surface of the water with a wooden stick or a coconut stem to hasten the spawning.

¨ Maintain continuous water flow

¨ Carp and Japanese “Koi” carp lay eggs between 2:00 am to 8:00 am

¨ The presence of bubbles on the water surface and fishy smell indicate that the breeders have already spawned.

¨ Eggs can be found attached to the egg collector

Incubation and Hatching

¨ Transfer egg collectors with eggs to previously prepared nursery pond for hatching.

¨ Maintain flowing water to avoid fungal contamination and at the same time hasten the hatching of eggs.

¨ After 2-3 days the eggs are hatched, Remove the egg collectors from the nursery ponds.

¨ Newly hatched fry feeds on its yolk for the first 2 days after hatching.

¨ Maintain the fry for 30 days in the nursery pond before harvest.

Larval Rearing



¨ Three (3) days after hatching the fry feeds on the natural food (plankton) present in the pond.


¨ After 2 weeks apply fertilizer dressing or feed the fry with a mixture of fine fish meal and rice bran:



¨ 75% rice bran

¨ 25% fishmeal at the rate of 10% average body weight

Harvesting

¨ Harvest fry and fingerling with the use of fine mesh net.


Culling for koi


For quality control, koi carp fry are culled after 6-8 fingerlings based on the quality of color pattern, appearance/body configuration and

Breeding and Culture of Tilapia

INTRODUCTION
Tilapia are endemic to Africa, but interested in their aquacultural potential led to nearly worldwide distribution within the past fifty years. Initial enthusiasm was based on characteristics that made tilapia appropriate for subsistence fishfarming in developing countries. Several species are herbivores, readily reproduce in small ponds and are highly tolerant of poor water quality. Interest in commercial production of tilapia was initially dampened by a small harvest size resulting from excessive reproduction and stunting. Within the past twenty years, however, commercially viable techniques have been developed to control overcrowding in ponds, thereby permitting growth to larger sizes.

Feeds and Feeding

Under natural condition, tilapia is predominantly a herbivore and a detritus feeder. This means that, they can produce high quality protein, suitable for human consumption, from less refined protein sources.
 

Generally, tilapia of the genus Oreochromis are primarily omnivores taking phytoplankton, periphyton or detritus. Some of the genus Tilapia tend to take coarser food including macrophytes. Consequently, they are used to control weeds in irrigation channels, ponds and dams.
 
Pond Management

Fertilization
 
Fertilizer stimulate the growth of plankton, which is the natural food of fish. Hence, fertilizers increase fish yields three to four times. Pond fertilization maybe appropriate if the following indicators are observed: measurements indicates low levels of nitrates and phosphates.

Fish stocking density

Fish stocking ration is one of several factors that affect fish growth. At low stocking density, the amount of natural food in the pond is higher for each individual fish and the excess food is not utilized. As long other factors are not limiting, the growth of fish per day will be better. However, the growth of fish will slow at higher density stocking because the capacity of the natural food to support the fish population will be limited to a certain extent. The maximum physiological growth of tilapia is attained at low stocking density.

Aquatic Weeds 
Generally, aquatic weeds are abundant in freshwater ponds. However, a well-managed culture pond should not have weeds floating aquatic plants at all.

Predation and other pest

Some pest and predators commonly affect fish production in ponds. Predators are organisms, which prey on the fish being cultured and the animals that compete for food or space are called competitors.

Supplemental feeds

Supplemental diet as a prepared diet formulated to provide protein and other nutrients besides those obtained from natural food organisms in the water. As the fish grow, the natural food in the pond will be insufficient to sustain the growth of the fish population. Hence, the growth rate will be less than the maximum potential. As the food deficit increases, growth rate decreases.

Water Quality Management 
Water quality management is one of the most important factors in insuring a healthy fish population. Water quality in the aquatic environment considerably affects the growth and reproduction of fishes.

If the water quality is beyond tolerable limits. It will adversely affect fish health. Therefore, the design, location and operation of a fish farm are very critical factors to be considered in constructing a fish production system, be it a fishpond, a hatchery, a fish cage and the like.

Land-based Hatchery

Earthen pond method

The earthen pond hatchery is the simplest and most common method of fry/ fingerlings production. Ponds serves both as spawning pond and rearing pond.

Selection of site
 
Water source- Irrigation deep/ shallow well Ground water spring production.

Water Quality- Year round supply

Soil types – Clay, clay loam sandy loam

Topography – Slightly sloping flat

Flood hazard free

Accessibility to farm supply/market

Peace and Order situation

Availability of labor

POND PREPARATION

Pond draining- drain the pond completely and collect all unwanted fish and eliminate predators and other unwanted species

Eradication of predators

Levelling of pond bottom

Installation of screen and gate boards

Water intake 1 m.

Fertilization during preparation (basal application)

Chicken manure 2,000kg/ha.

16-20-0 @ 100 – kg/ha.

BROOD FISH STOCKING

SELECT Breeders based on the criteria mentioned

Stocking rate 100-200 kg/ha or 2-4 pcs/sq m. @ 50-2000 g is recommended

Sex ratio 1:3 (male to female)

FEEDING

Fish will be fed either with formulated diets or commercial feed available in the locality

Supplemental feeding should be done if manure is not applied in the pond. However, If high manuring rate are used, feeding of the broodstock may not be required.

Feeding rate 2-3 % BW/day

Feeding frequency 2 x a day

COLLECTION OF FRY

The fry should be collected with a scissors net at interval of about three weeks to one month. The collected fry should be transferred to nursery hapa for rearing and grown to fingerlings stage or disperse directly. Fry should be fed a diet in powdered form at the rate of 10-15% BW/day. Feeding frequency 4 x a day

CONDITIONING OF FINGERLINGS PRIOR TO TRANSPORT

The collected fingerlings should be collected in hapas or tanks for conditioning 3 days or more before dispersal. During conditioning period, the fingerlings are given supplemental feeds. Feeding must be stopped 24 hours prior to dispersal/transport. Ideal stocking rate 70-80 kg. @ 1.5 x 10 x .95 m. tanks & 15-35 kgs fish @ 3 x 3 x 1.5 m. hapas Production cycle 30 days.
 
TILAPIA GROW – OUT MANAGEMENT SCHEME
 
EXTENSIVE

SEMI-INTENSIVE

INTENSIVE
 
Stocking

Feeding

2 pcs / m2

No feeding but with fertilization

5 pcs. / m2

Supplemental feeding and fertilization

10 pcs. / m2

Commercial feeds no fertilization and with good aeration

POND MANAGEMENT
 
Fertilization

Feeding

Entrance of undesirable fish species in one pond

Aquatic weed control

Water quality monitoring

Record keeping

Harvesting and M<raketing

How to Avoid OVERCORWDING?

Manual collection

Manual sexing

Stocking of predator

High density effects

Cage culture

Hybridization

Tilapia Sex Reversal

GMT, GIFT, EXCEL etc.

Measures to Prevent Fish Kills due to poor water Quality

Visual survey of the water

Change from green color to gray indicators die – off maybe occurring

Scum appearing to the surface indicators low D.O. level

Fishes gasps for air on the water surface

Secchi disk visibility

Visibility less than 30 cm indicates phytoplankton bloom

Martes, Enero 28, 2014

Freshwater Aquaculture

Freshwater Aquaculture contributes 11.76% of the total Fisheries Production.

Freshwater aquaculture benefits poor rural communities in many developing countries, enhancing food security and improving the livelihoods of poor people

The major species produced in freshwater aquaculture include Tilapia (79.18%); milkfish (13.76%); Carps (5.64%); mudfish (0.29%), Gourami (0.05%) Freshwater Shrimp, Ulang (0.001%), other species (0.02%)


Production of the major species cultured in freshwater comes from fishpond (46.47%) , Fishcage (32.07 %), Fishpen 21.35%), Small Farm reservoir (0.07%) and Rice fish (0.01%). 





Some Problems in the Aquaculture Industry:
  1. Low supply of fry.
  2. Lack of quality fingerlings and culture materials.
  3. Lack of capital
  4. Lack of technical support or information.
  5. Lack of area for expansion, high production costs, difficulty in availing credit, low and fluctuating prices,  and problems brought about by natural calamities and weather disturbances. 
  6. Location specific problems in the regions e.g. lacked of manpower and high market prices due to uneven product distribution, while Western Visayas lacked the necessary infrastructures to support the industry.

Contribution to National Economy, 2011

The fishery industry provides employment for more than 1.6 million fishing operators nationwide which the municipal sector accounted for more than 1 million (1,371,676) operators while the commercial and aquaculture sectors added some 16,497 and 226,195 operators, respectively

The annual performance of the fishing industry was attributed to the production of three (3) sector 

     *    Aquaculture sector posted an increase of 52.4% (2.608                    Million MT) 
     *    Municipal Sector 26.8% (1.33 million MT); and 
     *    Commercial sector 20.8% (1.03 MT)


Sabado, Enero 25, 2014

Philippine World Scenario

In 2010, the Philippines ranked 5th among the top fish producing countries in the world with its total production of 5.16 million metric tons of fish, crustaceans, mollusks, and aquatic plants (including seaweeds). The production constitutes 3.06% of the total world production of 168.4 million metric tons (FAO website). 

The Philippines’ 0.745 million metric tons aquaculture production of fish, crustaceans and mollusks in 2010 ranked 10th in the world and a 1.24% share to the total global aquaculture production of 59.87 million metric tons. In terms of value, the country’s aquaculture production of fish, crustaceans and mollusks has amounted to over 1.56 billion dollars (FAO website). 


Similarly, the Philippines is the world’s 3rd largest producer of aquatic plants (including seaweeds) having produced a total of 1.80 million metric tons or nearly 9.48% of the total world production of 19.01 million metric tons (FAO website). 



The total volume of fisheries production in the Philippines from January to December 2011 reached 4.9 M metric tons. Fisheries production fell by 18.46% from 4.41 Million MT in CY 2006 to 4.974 M metric Tons in 2011.



Average annual production growth rate from 2002-2011 was 3.08%.


In terms of value, fisheries production in 2011 was valued 224.7 billion pesos compared with 163.37 billion in 2006 with an average yearly increment of 7.62 billion pesos. 



Volume of Fish Production by Sector from 2002-2011 (in MT)


Value of Fish Production from 2001 to 2011 (In ‘000)